Sarah Miller has studied how health insurance protects Americans from financial risk. The evidence is strong that coverage, particularly Medicaid, makes a difference. But she said it could still prove insufficient for people with complex needs. “You’re kind of at a disadvantage as a consumer going against these big complicated systems that don’t always have your best interest at heart,” she said. “And I think that’s why there’s so much financial burden, even among people with private insurance.”

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