PSC researcher Erin Cech conducted a nationally representative online survey of Americans three weeks after the 2016 presidential election. Participants were asked about their bias and beliefs on inequality, as well as the candidates they voted for. Although Cech found more social bias among Trump supporters than others regarding the intelligence and motivation of poor people, African Americans, Hispanics, and women, she said: “Resistance to social justice efforts appears to be based less in overt social bias than in a particular framing of the social world, one that denies structural inequality and blames victims of that inequality for their own circumstances.”

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